If a study collects only non-direct identifiers such as sex, gender, age, and postal code, and does not collect direct identifiers or IP address, can the data be considered anonymous?

• A. Yes
• B. No
• C. Sometimes
• D. Not specified

Answer: (B)

Anonymity means the information cannot be linked back to a person using the data alone or through reasonable external connections. Some data elements, like age, sex, and postal code, don’t identify a person by themselves but can become identifying when combined with other information. These are quasi-identifiers. Even without direct identifiers or an IP address, a dataset containing age, sex, and postal code can still enable someone to re-identify an individual, especially in small communities or when there are unique combinations. Because of this re-identification risk, the data cannot be considered anonymous as described. To reach true anonymity, the data would need to be further generalized or aggregated so that each combination of quasi-identifiers corresponds to at least a group of individuals, preventing identification.