In research, conflict of interest is an issue that can affect which parties?

• A. Researchers.
• B. Researchers and REB members.
• C. Researchers, REB members, and institutions.
• D. REB members and institutions.

Answer: (C)

Conflict of interest can affect every party involved in research: researchers, REB members, and the institutions hosting or funding the work. When someone has a personal, financial, or other interest that could influence judgment or actions, it can bias study design, data analysis, or reporting, potentially compromising participant welfare and the integrity of the research. Researchers may unconsciously or consciously steer methods, selective reporting, or recruitment to benefit themselves. REB members might face COI if they have close relationships with researchers, financial ties, or other interests that could influence risk assessments or consent decisions. Institutions can be affected when funding, reputation, or strategic goals create pressure to approve certain studies, potentially shaping policy or review processes. TCPS2 requires disclosure and management of conflicts to protect participants and maintain trust, which can involve recusal from decisions, divestment of conflicting interests, or independent review. That’s why the best choice includes all three groups.