Which statement best describes consent when non-writing is acceptable?

• A. Written consent is mandatory
• B. Verbal consent is allowed
• C. Consent may be provided in non-writing forms
• D. Consent is never allowed

Answer: (C)

Consent is a process, not just a form, and it can be given in non-writing ways when appropriate and approved. The TCPS 2 recognizes that written consent isn’t always feasible or necessary. Verbal consent is acceptable in many study contexts—such as interviews, fieldwork, or settings where obtaining a signature would be impractical or could influence participation. The crucial point is that participants are fully informed about the study’s purpose, what participation involves, potential risks and benefits, how confidentiality will be protected, their right to withdraw, and who to contact with questions. Even when consent is verbal or provided non-writing, the researcher should document that consent occurred in a suitable way for the setting (for example, a note in the records or an audio-recorded statement with permission). The REB must approve the method, ensuring appropriate safeguards are in place.