Which statement best describes vulnerable populations under TCPS 2?

• A. Children
• B. Persons with diminished autonomy
• C. Children, persons with diminished autonomy, prisoners, Indigenous communities, and other groups at risk of coercion.
• D. Indigenous communities

Answer: (C)

Vulnerability in research ethics comes from situations where individuals may be more susceptible to coercion or may not be able to fully protect their own interests. TCPS 2 recognizes several groups as vulnerable to ensure extra safeguards are in place for their protection.

Under TCPS 2, vulnerable populations include children, persons with diminished autonomy, prisoners, Indigenous communities, and other groups at risk of coercion. This broad phrasing captures both well-known protected groups and others who might be at risk due to power imbalances, social disadvantage, or relational pressures, so researchers must adapt consent processes and safeguards accordingly.

That broader description is why the statement listing all these groups is the best—it aligns with TCPS 2’s emphasis on protecting those who may be more vulnerable to coercion or undue influence. Other options name only some groups, which doesn’t fully reflect the range TCPS 2 identifies.